Since the reaction force for the rebounding of the balloon's skin is all going to come from the final point of contact of the balloon skin and the blob, the shear forces that make the bulge in the first place are going to be concentrated in a small area, so the surface of the cornstarch blob on the side that got the kick would tend to stiffen into a cup, and less of the energy of the balloon skin's contraction would be randomized in changes in the blob's surface energy as it changed shape.

So I think that something rheopectic, like cornstarch suspensions, would probably achieve a higher linear velocity than something closer to an ideal fluid, like water. The only application I have thought of for this is a novel way to eat Jell-O™ low-fat pudding in a microgravity environment.

This reminds me of those physics problems where you try to figure out what would happen if our entire planet were instantaneously turned from rock into water.